Human-environment system approach
The HES approach conceptualizes a mutualism between human and environmental systems. The human and the environmental system are conceived as two different systems that exist in essential dependencies and reciprocal endorsement. The term human systems, meaning social systems ranging from society to individuals, has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks. These systems are supposed to have a memory, language, foresight, consciousness etc. In contrast to the concept of human or social systems, the term environmental systems arose late in the early 19th century, even though Hippocrates had already dealt with environmental impacts on human health in early medicine in 420 BC.
In the history of environmental sciences at large, the relationship between human (H) and environmental (E) systems was dealt with from different perspectives. The HE impact chain was initially examined from the human perspective. In the early 18th century, forest engineers investigated how legal or economic restrictions affect the texture of forests agricultural, forest. Resource economics evolved in the early 18th century and focused on the question of how agricultural and forest yields can be sustainably or most efficiently obtained (Goodwin, 1977). From the environmental research perspective, the H impact chain has quite a different focus, namely how human activities affect the environment or environmental equilibrium and how these impacts can be mitigated.
The HES approach presented below separates human and environmental systems and studies their mutualism. Note that the concept of environment emerged in the early 19th century, a time when the upcoming industrial age unmistakably revealed the interaction and mutual dependency between these two systems. Mutual dependency, reciprocity, and the H impact chains can be approached from the environmental as well as from the human perspective. The former looks at optimizing environmental quality by integrating human models into ecosystem analysis. The latter investigates the impact of regulatory mechanisms on the state of the environment when taking an anthropogenic perspective.
Six basic principles, which begins from six basic assumptions from the modeling of HES
In the history of environmental sciences at large, the relationship between human (H) and environmental (E) systems was dealt with from different perspectives. The HE impact chain was initially examined from the human perspective. In the early 18th century, forest engineers investigated how legal or economic restrictions affect the texture of forests agricultural, forest. Resource economics evolved in the early 18th century and focused on the question of how agricultural and forest yields can be sustainably or most efficiently obtained (Goodwin, 1977). From the environmental research perspective, the H impact chain has quite a different focus, namely how human activities affect the environment or environmental equilibrium and how these impacts can be mitigated.
The HES approach presented below separates human and environmental systems and studies their mutualism. Note that the concept of environment emerged in the early 19th century, a time when the upcoming industrial age unmistakably revealed the interaction and mutual dependency between these two systems. Mutual dependency, reciprocity, and the H impact chains can be approached from the environmental as well as from the human perspective. The former looks at optimizing environmental quality by integrating human models into ecosystem analysis. The latter investigates the impact of regulatory mechanisms on the state of the environment when taking an anthropogenic perspective.
Six basic principles, which begins from six basic assumptions from the modeling of HES
- Conceive human and environmental systems as two different, complementary, interrelated systems with human action and “immediate environmental reaction” being part of both systems.
- Consider a hierarchy of human systems with related environmental systems.
- Construct a ‘state of the art’ model of the environmental system and its long-term dynamics.
- Provide a decision theoretic conceptualization of the human system with the components goal formation, strategy formation, strategy selection and action.
- Characterize and conceptualize different types of environmental awareness in each component of 4.
- Distinguish and model primary and secondary feedback loops with respect to human action.
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